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Fault injection
In software testing, fault injection is a technique for improving the coverage of a test by introducing faults to test code paths, in particular error handling code paths, that might otherwise rarely be followed. It is often used with stress testing and is widely considered to be an important part of developing robust software.〔J. Voas, "Fault Injection for the Masses," Computer, vol. 30, pp. 129–130, 1997.〕 Robustness testing〔(Kaksonen, Rauli. A Functional Method for Assessing Protocol Implementation Security. 2001. )〕 (also known as Syntax Testing, Fuzzing or Fuzz testing) is a type of fault injection commonly used to test for vulnerabilities in communication interfaces such as protocols, command line parameters, or APIs.
The propagation of a fault through to an observable failure follows a well defined cycle. When executed, a fault may cause an error, which is an invalid state within a system boundary. An error may cause further errors within the system boundary, therefore each new error acts as a fault, or it may propagate to the system boundary and be observable. When error states are observed at the system boundary they are termed failures. This mechanism is termed the fault-error-failure cycle 〔A. Avizienis, J.-C. Laprie, B. Randell, and C. Landwehr, "Basic Concepts and Taxonomy of Dependable and Secure Computing," Dependable and Secure Computing, vol. 1, pp. 11–33, 2004.〕 and is a key mechanism in dependability.
== History ==
The technique of fault injection dates back to the 1970s 〔J. V. Carreira, D. Costa, and S. J. G, "Fault Injection Spot-Checks Computer System Dependability," IEEE Spectrum, pp. 50–55, 1999.〕 when it was first used to induce faults at a hardware level. This type of fault injection is called Hardware Implemented Fault Injection (HWIFI) and attempts to simulate hardware failures within a system. The first experiments in hardware fault injection involved nothing more than shorting connections on circuit boards and observing the effect on the system (bridging faults). It was used primarily as a test of the dependability of the hardware system. Later specialised hardware was developed to extend this technique, such as devices to bombard specific areas of a circuit board with heavy radiation. It was soon found that faults could be induced by software techniques and that aspects of this technique could be useful for assessing software systems. Collectively these techniques are known as Software Implemented Fault Injection (SWIFI).
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